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1.
Medwave ; 20(2): e7831, 31-03-2020.
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1095945

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las hemorragias maculares producen una pérdida de la visión súbita y profunda. Las principales modalidades de tratamiento incluyen observación, inyección intravítrea de fármacos antiangiogénicos, hialoidotomía con láser neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet, inyección intravítrea de gas y/o activador de plasminógeno tisular, en monoterapia o combinadas con cirugía. En el presente trabajo reportamos cuatro casos de hemorragias maculares de distintas causas, tratadas con diferentes abordajes, y realizamos una revisión de la literatura al respecto. PRESENTACIÓN DE CASOS: Los cuatro pacientes mostrados presentaron diferentes causas de hemorragias maculares. El primer caso tuvo una hemorragia prerretiniana debido a retinopatía de Valsalva y fue tratado con cirugía, el Caso 2 tuvo una hemorragia macular multinivel debido a una rotura de un macroaneurisma arteriolar retiniano y fue manejado con desplazamiento neumático, láser y ranibizumab intravítreo, el Caso 3 presentó una hemorragia subretiniana extensa debido a rotura coroidea posterior a un trauma ocular cerrado de alta energía y fue tratado exitosamente con cirugía. El último caso presentó una hemorragia prerretiniana debido a retinopatía diabética, manejada con láser neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet. Los diferentes tratamientos fueron realizados exitosamente con buenos resultados. CONCLUSIÓN: Existen amplias opciones disponibles para el manejo de las hemorragias maculares y la mejor opción depende de las características de cada caso en particular. El manejo apropiado y oportuno de éstas puede lograr un resultado visual bueno, especialmente si la localización de la hemorragia es prerretiniana.


INTRODUCTION: Macular hemorrhages result in a sudden and profound loss of vision. The primary treatment modalities include observation, intravitreal injection of antiangiogenic drugs, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet hialoidotomy, intravitreal injection of gas with or without tissue plasminogen activator, as monotherapy or combined with surgery. In this paper, we report four cases of macular hemorrhages of different causes treated with different approaches, and we review the literature in this regard. CASE PRESENTATION: All four patients presented different causes of macular hemorrhage. The first case had a preretinal hemorrhage due to a Valsalva retinopathy and was treated with surgery. Case 2 had a multilevel macular hemorrhage due to a rupture of a retinal arteriolar macroaneurysm and was treated with pneumatic displacement, laser, and intravitreal ranibizumab. Case 3 presented an extensive subretinal hemorrhage due to a choroidal rupture after high-energy ocular trauma that was also successfully treated with surgery. The last case was a preretinal hemorrhage due to diabetic retinopathy managed with neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Different treatment approaches were successfully performed in all cases with good outcomes. CONCLUSION: There is an extensive range of options available for the management of macular hemorrhages, and the best option depends on the characteristics of each particular case. Proper and timely management of these diseases can achieve an excellent visual outcome, especially if the location of the hemorrhage is preretinal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Retinal Hemorrhage/therapy , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Laser Therapy , Rupture , Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Choroid/pathology , Tissue Plasminogen Activator , Diabetic Retinopathy/complications , Intravitreal Injections
2.
Medwave ; 20(1): e7772, 2020.
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1087876

ABSTRACT

ANTECEDENTES La ubicación precisa de un cuerpo extraño intraocular es crucial para el manejo de pacientes con trauma ocular abierto. La tomografía computarizada se usa habitualmente para detectar su ubicación en el segmento posterior. Reportamos tres casos con diferentes cuerpos extraños intraoculares en el segmento posterior, que fueron localizados con precisión mediante la tomografía computarizada y ecografía modo B. PRESENTACIÖN DEL CASO Presentamos tres casos con diferentes mecanismos de trauma, tipos de cuerpo extraño intraocular, síntomas clínicos y pronóstico visual. La tomografía computarizada determinó la ubicación exacta de todos los cuerpos extraños intraoculares en el segmento posterior. El ultrasonido modo B se realizó en un paciente con un cuerpo extraño intraocular no metálico. El primer caso tuvo una lesión ocular perforante con un cuerpo extraño intraorbitario; el caso dos y el caso tres presentaron diferentes tipos de cuerpos extraños intraoculares con pronóstico diferente. El manejo y el pronóstico fue distinto en todos los casos; todos se manejaron con éxito. La ubicación exacta de los cuerpos extraños intraoculares utilizando las diferentes modalidades de diagnóstico es importante en estos pacientes. Estos casos sirven como recordatorio de que el uso adecuado de las pruebas de imagen es indispensable en el contexto de un cuerpo extraño intraocular relacionado con trauma ocular abierto. CONCLUSIÓN Las diferentes técnicas de imágenes son muy importantes para la detección de un cuerpo extraño intraocular. La tomografía computarizada es una de las modalidades de imagen más simple y efectiva para la localización de cuerpos extraños intraoculares relacionadas con trauma ocular abierto.


BACKGROUND: Determining the precise location of intraocular foreign bodies is crucial for the management of patients with open-globe injury. Computed tomography is the most common method for detecting intraocular foreign bodies in the posterior segment. In this article, we describe three cases of open-globe injury with different types of intraocular foreign bodies in the posterior segment that were accurately located using computed tomography scans and B-scan ultrasonography. CASE PRESENTATION: Each of the three cases of open-globe injury described in this report had different types of ocular trauma, clinical symptoms, and intraocular foreign bodies. Computed tomography scans showed the exact location of the intraocular foreign bodies in the posterior segment in two of the three cases. A B-scan ultrasound was used to determine the location of a non-metallic intraocular foreign body in the third case. All three patients had intraocular foreign bodies, and one of them had an additional orbital foreign body. Case 1 had a perforating eye injury with the additional intraorbital foreign body; Cases 2 and Case 3 had different types of intraocular foreign bodies and prognoses. Various treatment approaches were used, ranging from observation to surgery, depending on the location of the intraocular foreign bodies, and all cases were successfully managed. These three cases show that proper use of various types of imaging tests is indispensable in the context of an intraocular foreign body related to open-globe injury. CONCLUSION: Imaging techniques are crucial for the detection of an intraocular foreign body, and computed tomography is one of the simplest and most useful, especially in cases of open-globe injury.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Eye Injuries, Penetrating/diagnostic imaging , Eye Foreign Bodies/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography , Plastics , Wounds, Gunshot/complications , Wounds, Gunshot/diagnostic imaging , Blast Injuries/complications , Blast Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Radiography , Eye Injuries, Penetrating/complications , Eye Foreign Bodies/etiology , Glass , Metals
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 146(10): 1197-1204, dic. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-978756

ABSTRACT

Background: Outcomes-based education is a trend in medical education and its assessment is one of the main challenges. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is one of the tools used to assess clinical competencies. Although Chilean medical schools have used OSCEs for 18 years, there is a vast variability in the way these examinations are administered. Aim: To design and implement an integrated OSCE to assess clinical competencies at the end of the medical program in Chilean medical schools, aiming to reduce variability between these schools. Material and Methods: Seven medical schools, supported by experts from the National Board of Medical Examiners, designed a 12 station OSCE to measure clinical outcomes at the end of the seventh year of medical training. Unlike traditional OSCEs, this new examination incorporated the assessment of clinical reasoning and communication skills, evaluated from patients' perspective. Results: One hundred twenty-five volunteers took the same exam at five different venues. The internal consistency was 0.62. Following a compensatory approach, 85% of students passed the exam. Communication assessment showed poorer results than those reported in the literature. Conclusions: Among Chilean medical students, the assessment of clinical outcomes in a collaborative way, through a valid and reliable exam, is feasible. A consensus on how to teach and assess clinical reasoning across the medical curriculum is required. The assessment of students' communication skills requires further development.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Students, Medical , Clinical Competence/standards , Academic Performance/standards , Physician-Patient Relations , Professional Practice , Reference Values , Chile , Communication , Education, Medical, Graduate/standards
4.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 31(3): 254-260, jun. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-716976

ABSTRACT

Background: It is currently unknown which is the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers in Chile, but this group has been described as at higher risk of developing active tuberculosis than general population. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in a sample of healthcare workers from at risk areas. Methodology: A cross-sectional, descriptive study, conducted in health care workers from clinical laboratories or respiratory care areas in four hospitals in Santiago. Latent tuberculosis infection detection was determined by Quantiferon® TB Gold In Tube testing (QFT). Results: QFT resulted positive in 20 of 76 (26.3%) of the individuals tested. Test positivity reached 62.5% among the personnel that reported history of past TB contact in the community, 50% among the personnel who belonged to the national tuberculosis control program and 38% among those doing induced sputum, acid fast smear or mycobacterial cultures. The proportion of individuals with positive QFT was significantly lower in those personnel who had no such risk factors (15.7%, p = 0.03). The proportion of latent tuberculosis infection also increased in direct relation to the age of the subject. Conclusion: Latent tuberculosis infection as detected by QFT testing was highly prevalent in healthcare workers included in the present study. Further exploring the limitations and possible scenarios for this new diagnostic tool is needed, with emphasis on health personnel at higher-risk and younger individuals.


Introducción: Se desconoce en la actualidad cuál es la real prevalencia de infección tuberculosa latente en el personal de salud en Chile; sin embargo, este grupo ha sido descrito como con mayor riesgo de desarrollar tuberculosis activa que la población general. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de infección tuberculosa latente en funcionarios de la salud en diferentes áreas laborales de riesgo. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal, descriptivo, realizado en funcionarios pertenecientes a laboratorios clínicos o áreas de atención broncopulmonar de cuatro hospitales de la Región Metropolitana en quienes se hizo test de Quantiferon TB Gold®In tube(QFT). Resultados: Se evidenció infección tuberculosa latente en 20 de las 76 (26,3%) personas estudiadas. En aquellos funcionarios que referían antecedente de contacto en el pasado en la comunidad con enfermos de tuberculosis, la positividad del test llegó a 62,5%; en aquellos que pertenecían al Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis, a 50% y en los que realizaban toma de esputo inducido, baciloscopias o cultivo de micobacterias, a 38%. La proporción de individuos con QFT positivo fue significativamente menor en aquellos funcionarios que no tenían estos antecedentes (15,7%, p = 0,03). Se encontró además una mayor proporción de infección tuberculosa latente a mayor edad del individuo estudiado. Conclusión: La infección tuberculosa latente medida por QFT resultó altamente prevalente en el personal de la salud incluido en el presente estudio. Es necesario seguir profundizando en los posibles escenarios de implementación y limitaciones del uso de esta nueva herramienta diagnóstica, haciendo énfasis en el personal de la salud de mayor riesgo y menor edad.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Latent Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Personnel, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Age Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Chile/epidemiology , Latent Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Prevalence , Risk Factors
5.
Rev. salud bosque ; 4(1): 9-18, 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-772948

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad genética, como causa de discapacidad, es un problema de salud real pero subestimado. Aún son insuficientes las intervenciones oportunas y adecuadas en pacientes con discapacidad de origen genético. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de enfermedad genética en una población discapacitada del área rural de Anapoima, Colombia. Se evaluaron 35 pacientes con diferentes tipos de discapacidad y sus familias. Los diagnósticos etiológicos de los pacientes se clasificaron en cinco categorías de acuerdo con la carga genética: categoría I (enfermedades monogénicas), II (enfermedades cromosómicas), III (enfermedades multifactoriales), IV (enfermedades con origen desconocido) y V (enfermedades ambientales). Una vez practicados los estudios de genética, se volvieron a clasificar bajo las mismas categorías. Antes de practicar los estudios de genética, las enfermedades se ubicaban, principalmente, en la categoría IV seguida de la II. Al finalizar el estudio, la categoría IV disminuyó y la categoría I aumentó de manera importante. Estos hallazgos evidencian que la anamnesis adecuada, el examen físico, el genograma y los exámenes básicos de genética, contribuyen a la detección de enfermedades genéticas, incluso en niveles de atención de baja complejidad en salud. Se evaluó, además, el grado de cumplimiento de las guías de manejo para síndrome de Down en estos pacientes, siendo inadecuado por cada ítem. El abordaje del paciente en situación de discapacidad requiere, entre otras cosas, la valoración y los estudios genéticos. El conocer la etiología permitirá mejor entendimiento y aceptación del paciente y su familia de su condición, planear estrategias de prevención y tratamiento adecuadas, y mejorar el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre reproducción en la familia.


Genetic diseases are a common cause of disability, but this fact is underestimated. Properly and opportune medical interventions on patients with these diseases are not enough yet. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of genetic disease in a disabled population from a Colombian rural area. Thirty five patients and their families with different chronic disabling conditions were evaluated. Each patient was assigned to one of five groups on the basis of the presence or absence of an underlying chronic medical condition and whether that condition had a genetic basis or susceptibility as follows: I category (monogenic diseases), II (chromosomal disorders), III (multifactorial diseases), IV (unknown etiology diseases or acquired disorders without genetic determinant), V (no preexisting chronic medical condition, no genetic disease basis). Once genetic evaluation was performed, the etiologic diagnoses were reclassified according those categories. Before genetic evaluation, the patients were categorized in the IV and II categories. After the genetic evaluation and genetics tests were done, the patients of IV category dropped while patients in I category raised. This demonstrates that right anamnesis, physical exam, complete family history tree and some basic genetics tests are required for proper diagnosis of genetic diseases, even in centers of primary care. We also asses the medical guidelines compliance for the Down syndrome in this population and this was unsatisfactory. Finally, we conclude that establishment of the genetic disease contributes to patients and the families in the understanding of their condition and also promotes better strategies of medical attention, according to the medical needs of this patients, including reproductive assessment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Intellectual Disability , Genetic Diseases, Inborn , Genetics, Medical , Down Syndrome , Colombia
6.
San Salvador; s.n; 2009. 44 p. Tab, Graf, Ilus.
Thesis in Spanish | LILACS, BISSAL | ID: biblio-1247468

ABSTRACT

El objetivo principal de la realización de la presente investigación fue evaluar la presencia de Recesión Gingival en el sector antero inferior en estudiantes que utilizan Piercing Lingual o Labial, de las diversas Facultades de la Sede Central de la Universidad de El Salvador en el período de Marzo-Abril de 2009; estableciendo inicialmente el tipo de recesión que presentaron los pacientes, con base en la clasificación de Miller que va desde un estado leve (Clase I) a un estado severo (Clase IV). Este estudio se llevo a cabo en las instalaciones de la Facultad de Odontología, de la Universidad de El Salvador, contando con una población de 53 estudiantes de las Facultades de Ciencias y Humanidades, Ingeniería y Arquitectura y la Facultad de Química y Farmacia, los cuales presentaban piercing Lingual o Labial, en quienes se determino la localización y el período de tiempo de uso de dicho aditamento, estableciendo tres períodos: menos de 3 meses, de 3 a 6 meses y mayor a 6 meses. Del total de pacientes evaluados, la mayor prevalencia de recesión gingival fue la clase I, lo cual fue más notable en la población masculina y mayormente asociado con el uso del aditamento en la zona lingual; estos hallazgos ocurrieron principalmente durante un periodo de uso mayor a 6 meses.


The main objective of carrying out this research was to evaluate the presence of Gingival Recession in the antero-inferior sector in students who use Lingual or Labial Piercing, of the various Faculties of the Central Headquarters of the University of El Salvador in the period of March- April 2009; Initially establishing the type of recession that the patients presented, based on Miller's classification that ranges from a mild state (Class I) to a severe state (Class IV). This study was carried out in the facilities of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of El Salvador, with a population of 53 students from the Faculties of Sciences and Humanities, Engineering and Architecture and the Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, which They presented lingual or labial piercing, in whom the location and period of time of use of said accessory were determined, establishing three periods: less than 3 months, 3 to 6 months and more than 6 months. Of the total of patients evaluated, the highest prevalence of gingival recession was class I, which was more notable in the male population and mostly associated with the use of the abutment in the lingual area; These findings occurred mainly during a period of use greater than 6 months.


Subject(s)
Gingival Recession , Schools, Dental , Body Piercing , El Salvador
7.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 138(5): 397-404, sep.-oct. 2002.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-333696

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of 10 years of nosocomial infection (NI) surveillance at a neurological center and evaluate the impact of control measures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective study was performed at a reference center for adult neurologic and neurosurgical patients located in Mexico City. Between 1990 and 2000, the number, site and type of NI were registered. Chi Square test was employed for statistical analysis of numerical data. RESULTS: Mean NI rate observed was 21 episodes per 100 discharges, with a 40 reduction during the period. Predominant NI were urinary tract infections (36), lower respiratory tract infections (31), phlebitis (9), primary bacteremia (7), surgical wound infections (7), and pneumonia (4). Control measures with a definite impact were organization of intravenous therapy teams with reduction in bacteremia (p = 0.009). Changes in preoperative care, hair clipping instead of shaving, clorhexidine shampoo, and technique of long tunneled ventriculostomy with a 57 reduction (p = 0.00006) in infections related with neurosurgical procedures. The increase in staff and equipment renewal of the respiratory therapy service decreased respiratory infections. CONCLUSIONS: The measures that reduced our NI rate may be useful in other centers for neurologic patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Nervous System Diseases , Retrospective Studies , Time Factors
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